Computer Security Incident Response Team free essay sample

In the most recent decade, an ever increasing number of organizations have begun to investigate internet business to associate them to the interminable universe of worldwide providers, accomplices, buyers and significantly more. This blast in innovation has set numerous advantages are chance from a security viewpoint permitting programmers/crakers and anybody on the web to access these system and increase data or attempt to endanger business to a point where it halts. Increment in Denial of administration assaults, youngster sex entertainment, infection/worms and different devices utilized by people to annihilate information has lead to law requirement and media to investigate why and how these security penetrates are directed and what new legal laws are expected to prevent this from occurring. As indicated by CSI PC wrongdoing and security Survey 2007, the normal yearly misfortune revealed by security break has shot up to $350,424 from 168,000 the earlier year. To add to this, an ever increasing number of associations are revealing PC interruptions to law implementation which slanted to 29 percent contrasted with 25 percent the prior year. We will compose a custom paper test on PC Security Incident Response Team or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 1] To be effective in react to an episode, there are a couple of things that should be followed: 1. Limit the quantity of seriousness of security occurrences. 2. Collect the center PC security Incident Response Team (CSIRT). 3. Characterize an occurrence reaction plan. 4. Contain the harm and limit hazard. [3] How to limit the quantity of seriousness and security occurrences: It is difficult to forestall all security related episodes, however there are things that should be possible to limit the effect of such occurrences: †¢Establishing and implementing security strategies and systems. Picking up help from Management in both implementing security strategies and taking care of occurrences. Getting to vulnerabilities on the earth on ordinary premise including normal reviews. †¢Checking all gadgets on certain time periods to ensure that all the updates were performed. †¢Establishing security approaches for both end clients and security individual and requesting trusted status every single time an entrance is conceded. †¢Posting standards and updates for duties and limitation of utilization of uses, and different frameworks on the system. †¢Implementing secure secret phrase polices thought the system. Checking log documents on ordinary essentials and observing traffic. †¢Verifying reinforcements are done on standard nuts and bolts and kept up in a proper way. This would likewise incorporate the new email reinforcement strategy laws. †¢Create Computer Security Response Team (CSIRT) [3] Security danger is the equivalent for both huge, little, and government associations and subsequently it is significant that paying little mind to what the orga nization has for its safety efforts, it likewise has a composed report that sets up rules for occurrence reaction. Occurrence react arranging is a lot of rules that report on security episode dealing with and correspondence endeavors. This arrangement is actuated when an episode that could affect the company’s capacity to work is built up. PC Security Incident Response Plan (CSIRP) ought to contain the accompanying: 1. Crucial: the reaction group will be answerable for, including how to deal with occurrences as they occur and what steps are important to limit the effect of such episodes. 2. Extension: this would characterize, who is answerable for which territory of security, it can incorporate things like application, network(s), workers, correspondence both inside and to the general population and considerably more. . Data stream: How data will be taken care of if there should arise an occurrence of a crisis and how it will be accounted for to the fitting power, pubic, media and interior representatives. 4. Administrations gave: This archive ought to contain all the administrations that are either given to the clients or administrations that are utilized or purchased from different sellers including testi ng, instruction, specialist organization issues to give some examples. [2] The CSIRT group must contain a few individuals including a Team head which will screen changes in individual’s actives and duty of looking into activities. An Incident Lead, that will be devoted as the proprietor of set of occurrences and will be answerable for addressing anybody outside the group while and relating changes and updates. A gathering of individual’s part of the CISRT group called individuals will be capable to deal with duty of the occurrence and will screen various zones of the organization. Different individuals from this group ought to incorporate Legal assistance, advertising officials, temporary workers and other individual from the executives both from business and IT that can help during security breaks. In the event that an Incident has happened, it is essential to order this as an occurrence seriousness. Most organizations use between Severity 1-5. 1 being the most elevated and 5 being the examination stage where no framework or user’s are influenced. For most framework anything under Severity 3 is certifiably not a significant effect of the framework yet in the event that there is a framework wide issue that requires prompt consideration, a seriousness 1 or 2 would fall under the class of Incident reaction methodology and set up a high caution. The expense of an occurrence can be high, contingent upon the loss of information, consequently distinguishing the hazard and all the genuine danger fall under this classification. When the episode has been recognized it ought to go into the appraisal stage, where it ought to be resolved if the framework can be repurchased up again and how much harm is finished. On the off chance that the business is affected evaluation ought to be finished. The appraisal incorporates scientific examination for the most part including a group of master that investigate the what number of PC were influenced, what sort of data was taken or changed, section level of assaults, potential harm done by occurrence, recuperation process and the most ideal approach to survey this from happening once more. The following period of this is regulation, which is the appraisal of harm and disengagement of different frameworks that can likewise be undermined including system. Reinforcement of the framework in the current state ought to be done as of now for additional scientific examination. Investigating of log records and revealing frameworks that were utilized like firewalls, switches ought to be distinguished. Any adjustment of documents including dos, exe ought to likewise be completed in this stage. When this is done, the subsequent stage is Recovery. Recuperation is reestablishing clean information back the framework so it can perform is work as required. In the wake of introducing last great reinforcement, it is essential to test the framework before placing this underway once more. Further observation of system and application ought to be set up as interlopers would attempt this once more. Each organization today, climate little or large needs an episode reaction solidarity to shield itself against predators on the web. The administration offices has set a few guidelines and guidelines on such gauges and are necessitated that organization keep these norms to maintain a strategic distance from further disturbance of the administration. This turns out to be significantly increasingly basic for organizations that play significant spot in the economy like Mastercard, wellbeing, protection and considerably more. A few provincial organizations today can help plan CSIRP plan that give assistance making a group of people that can demonstration quick in such circumstances. The usage of such arrangement cost less over the long haul, when contrasted with organizations that don’t have such reaction plan and free information that is basic to their endurance. PC Security Incident Response Team free paper test In the most recent decade, an ever increasing number of organizations have begun to investigate online business to associate them to the endless universe of worldwide providers, accomplices, purchasers and considerably more. This blast in innovation has put various resources are chance from a security viewpoint permitting programmers/crakers and anybody on the web to access these system and increase data or attempt to endanger business to a point where it stops. Increment in Denial of administration assaults, youngster sex entertainment, infection/worms and different instruments utilized by people to decimate information has lead to law implementation and media to investigate why and how these security penetrates are directed and what new legal laws are expected to prevent this from occurring. As per CSI PC wrongdoing and security Survey 2007, the normal yearly misfortune announced by security penetrate has shot up to $350,424 from 168,000 the earlier year. To add to this, an ever increasing number of associations are detailing PC interruptions to law authorization which slanted to 29 percent contrasted with 25 percent the prior year. We will compose a custom article test on PC Security Incident Response Team or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 1] To be effective in react to an episode, there are a couple of things that should be followed: 1. Limit the quantity of seriousness of security episodes. 2. Amass the center PC security Incident Response Team (CSIRT). 3. Characterize an occurrence reaction plan. Contain the harm and limit chance. [3] How to limit the quantity of seriousness and security occurrences: It is difficult to forestall all security related episodes, yet there are things that should be possible to limit the effect of such episodes: †¢Establishing and upholding security arrangements and methods. Picking up help from Management in both upholding security approaches and dealing with episodes. †¢Accessing vulnerabilities on the earth on standard premise including ordinary reviews. †¢Checking all gadgets on certain time periods to ensure that all the updates were performed. †¢Establishing security arrangements for both end clients and security individual and requesting exceptional status every single time an entrance is conceded. †¢Posting flags and updates for duties and limitation of utilization of appl

Organic Foods Can Be Dangerous Essay

Do you think about the food that you are eating or how it is being developed? Hereditarily adjusted nourishments is the manner in which researchers can make food crops remain fresher, become greater, and have the yields make their own pesticide. Sounds great right? Wrong! Hereditarily changed nourishments should be checked and expelled from regular farming as a result of the danger they posture to human wellbeing, nature, and the effect on the worldwide economy. Natural food can be a peril to human’s wellbeing. There are three normal chemical’s contained in some naturally developed nourishments that can make a danger of malignancy individuals. DDT, DDE, or Alar, these are 3 pesticides that are prohibited in the U. S. what's more, different nations (Silver, 2006). Rotenone is a neurotoxin that is utilized by natural ranchers that has been known to be utilized to slaughter fish and it has been connected to Parkinson’s infection. Another pesticide utilized by natural ranchers, pyrenthrin, it is known to be utilized on the day crops are being gathered, can bring about breathing issues when it is breathed in (Silver, 2006). In 1989 it was accounted for that many Americans kicked the bucket and a few thousand were weakened by a hereditarily adjusted food supplement known as L-trptophan and it made an infirmity known as (EMS) eosinophilia myalgia disorder. The GMO was discharged without being tried. A settlement of 2 billion dollars was paid out by the producer (Batalion ND, 2009). Planting natural harvests can be exceptionally harming to the earth. Individuals would imagine that in light of the fact that the food is natural it would mean less synthetic substances and it would be better for the earth however that isn't right in light of the fact that the regular pesticide rotenone-pyrethnin is exceptionally harmful and it is risky to our sea-going life and fish. It is additionally said that not all natural soil added substances and nuisance controls are non-poisonous and that harmful deposits stay on the natural food. In my exploration I additionally found that hereditarily changed Bt endotoxin stays in the dirt for at any rate year and a half and it very well may be moved to wild plants causing super weeds that are impervious to such living beings as butterflies, moths, and insect bugs which will upset the parity of nature. Via conveying hereditarily altered dust by wind, downpour, winged creatures, honey bees, creepy crawlies, growth, microscopic organisms the whole chain of life gets included. What should be known is that once it is discharged, there is no review or cleanup conceivable. At whatever point conveying natural nourishments to the market it can cause higher food costs just as making a few nations have a bigger number of advantages than others. One reason it is so costly to convey natural nourishments to the market is a result of post-treatment of little amounts of natural nourishments causes more significant expenses in view of the required isolation of natural and traditional produce. Advertising and the appropriation of natural nourishments is wasteful and volumes are little and that is another explanation behind greater expenses. Concerning why rich nations benefit more from natural nourishments than poor nations do, there is by all accounts various reasons. The world’s most extravagant countries, particularly America and Europe, purposely pay their ranchers to create excessively far much food at low costs to forestall the world’s least fortunate ranchers from having the option to contend. Did you realize that the normal family pays $1000 every year in duties to the world’s most well off ranchers, while ranchers in poor nations endure in neediness? Another detriment of natural nourishments is that most natural food have a shorter time span of usability than non-natural food items. Additives are not utilized in the preparing of the natural nourishments, so it ruins all the more rapidly. Organics have a shorter timeframe of realistic usability and retailers frequently take immense misfortunes by cutting natural produce, adding more to the last customer cost. With natural nourishments not having hostile to bacterial specialists, the pathogens have just begun to duplicate in natural nourishments and attacking the cell dividers of the plants tissues inside long periods of collecting. The inescapable indications of natural nourishments having a shorter timeframe of realistic usability is the lessening quality, for example, contracting, blurring, drying and changes in the surface and the shading that make the nourishments look less speaking to the client. Despite the fact that natural nourishments have their hindrances, there are still a few points of interest to utilizing natural food sources. I for one feel that by planting natural nourishments that there would be an opportunity to enable underdeveloped nations to take care of their own. In the event that natural cultivating can create super nourishments and make bigger yields of harvests and cause yields to develop quicker then I trust it would be what we have to stop world yearning. It would require a great deal of experimentation I am certain at the same time, would it not be justified, despite all the trouble on the off chance that it would stop a portion of the world yearning that is starving individuals to death? Another bit of leeway of natural nourishments is that they help individuals from ingesting normal measures of pesticides and bug sprays usually found in business items. Natural nourishments additionally secure the planet. Natural cultivating guarantees that bio-assorted variety stays accessible in the nourishments we eat. Natural cultivating is viewed as reasonable cultivating. The ranchers and laborers are not presented to perilous poisons or terrible living or working conditions. Reasonable cultivating ensures people, creatures, and nature. Expanding the interest for natural items will help individuals to need to utilize this sort of cultivating and by utilizing natural we are guaranteeing that the food our youngsters are eating is sound. With solid nourishments there is an opportunity of halting the corpulence pestilence that is everywhere throughout the present reality. All in all, the natural issue of natural nourishments is an extremely perplexing one. Natural nourishments can cause potential dangers and mischief on human’s wellbeing just as the earth, besides it welcomes an effect on the worldwide economy, and for these three reasons, natural food ought to be looked into further or totally prohibited. On the off chance that it could be inquired about further and natural cultivating could help with world craving then it would be something that could support our underdeveloped nations and afterward it is viewed as a favorable position.

Blog Archive Stanford GSB Announces 20182019 Deadlines and Required Essays

Blog Archive Stanford GSB Announces 2018â€"2019 Deadlines and Required Essays Recently, The Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) announced its deadlines for the 2018-2019 admissions season: Stanford GSB has remained faithful to the essay prompts it presented last season: Essay A: What matters most to you, and why? (School-suggested word count of 750) For this essay, we would like you to: Do some deep self-examination, so you can genuinely illustrate who you are and how you came to be the person you are. Share the insights, experiences, and lessons that shaped your perspectives, rather than focusing merely on what you’ve done or accomplished. Write from the heart, and illustrate how a person, situation, or event has influenced you. Focus on the “why” rather than the “what.” Essay B: Why Stanford?  (School-suggested word count of 400) Enlighten us on how earning your MBA at Stanford will enable you to realize your ambitions. Explain your decision to pursue graduate education in management. Explain the distinctive opportunities you will pursue at Stanford. If you are applying to both the MBA and MSx programs, use Essay B to address your interest in both programs. For more information, please visit https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/programs/mba/admission/. For a complete list of 2018â€"2019 business school deadlines, be sure to check our Application Deadlines page. We will be updating our list as business schools release their deadlines in the coming months. Finally, stay tuned to the mbaMission blog for our analysis of the 2018â€"2019 Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) essay question, and be sure to download our free Insider’s Guide to Stanford Graduate School of Business! Share ThisTweet Business School Deadlines Essays News Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

Essay on A Brief Introduction to Outsourcing Management

Introduction Outsourcing is a business trend that has greatly increased in recent years with more and more companies outsourcing part or whole of their functions/activities. Outsourcing can be defined as the transfer of a business function or activity previously produced in-house to an external supplier which then takes prime responsibility for fulfilling the task (Finn, 2007). Although companies may perceive outsourcing as an alternative to reduce costs as a result of access to economies of scale and improve performance as a result of unique expertise that a large outsourcing vendor can deliver (Roodhooft and Warlop 1999 cited by Jiang and Qureshi 2006), outsourcing has many hidden cost and risks that can lead to create various†¦show more content†¦A research examining the outsourcing practices of more than a 100 western companies, found that the primary rationale to outsource was to save on overheads through short-term costs savings (PriceWaterHouseCoopers, 1999 cited by Kakabadse and Kakabadse 2002). Furthermore in the IS/IT industry companies outsource primarily for financial reasons as stated by (Karyda et al, 2006) where companies are expecting to improve rate of return investments (ROI), reduce costs and achieve economies of scale that would not be achievable internally. The cost reduction achieved by outsourcing providers is mainly due to specialisation and achievement of economies of scale, since providers are often servicing a large number of clients; they often achieve lower unit costs than any single company can, what is more outsourcing providers are more likely to be able to invest in new technologies and innovative practises than any company not specialising in that activity are (Alexander and Young, 1996 cited by Bryce and Useem, 1998). Further factors contributing to the ability of outsourcing providers to offer cost reduction to its customers are globalisation and new technology which have allowed outsource providers to move business processes to areas where labour costs are substantially lower (Finn, 2007). Example By moving business processes to countries with lower costs such as China where labour costs forShow MoreRelatedImplementation Of The Planwise Au Information Security Policy824 Words   |  4 Pages1. 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INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces brief information about research background and rationale; next, research problems are specified which are then directed down to research objectives. Finally, ethical confirmation is presented, coming up with the research structure. 1.1. Background During last decades, lots of companies in developed countries have moved their production processes from the origin country to other developing countries in the East, Southeast and South Asia (Tate et al 2014)Read MoreThe Problem Of Supply Chain Management Research1448 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper addresses an issue within supply chain management research that has not been given much attention, and thereby attempts to bring focus to modern slavery within organizations with international supply chains. 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Submit a Draft of your proposed paper during Week 4 so that the instructor canRead MoreStrategy for Home Depot1316 Words   |  6 PagesShareholders 2013. 11. 14 Introduction of our members ì  ´Ã¬  â€¢Ã­  ¬ †¢ Company: †¢ Dept.: †¢ Company: KTskylife †¢ Dept.: Strategy planning Coordination Team ë °â€¢Ã¬ §â‚¬Ã« §Å' ê ¹â‚¬Ã¬ §â€žÃ¬Å¡ ° †¢ Company: †¢ Dept.: †¢ Company: BC Card †¢ Dept.: Card Information Processing Team †¢ Company: Hanmi Pharmaceutical †¢ Dept.: Global Business Development †¢ Company: DK Corporation †¢ Dept.: Overseas Sales Team ì  ´Ã¬Ëœ Ãª ·Å" ì‹  Ãª ² ½Ã¬â€¹  Shin, Kyung Sik ê ¹â‚¬Ã¬ §â‚¬Ã¬â€" ° Kim, Ji Yeon 1 Contents of Presentation 1. HD Introduction 2. Summary of Article 3.Read MoreWhy Invest in Apple Inc.1608 Words   |  7 PagesWhy invest in Apple Inc.? Daniel A. 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Synthesis Of Learning Theories Of Teaching - 1356 Words

Synthesis of Learning Theories With advancements in technology, globalization and living in a never changing society, life-long learning is crucial to keep adults able to function and evolve in the world. Being self-directed learners, adults need an environment that engages and challenges them to learn. Discovering how an adult learns and what motivates them is an integral part to successfully teaching adult learners. Desire is the most important factor in adult learning. Having personal goals, a thrist for knowledge and a reward for one’s accomplishments, helps adult students be motivated to learn. Although there is not one specific way that all adults learn, learning more about the adults we teach helps us as educators fine tune our teaching techniques. Doing this helps students be more receptive to learning and makes us better communicators and tecahers. Synthesis There is no one way that an adult learns. Because of this, there are many different theories of learning. From the philosophical teachings of Plato and Aristotle, learning has evolved into a more scientific method. The modern theories of teaching are very generalized and do not focus specifically on adult learning. In the 1950’s, psychologists thought that, â€Å"Learning is a change in behavior† (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007, p. 276). This definition of learning over the years has change due to the complexity of the nature of the subject; Merriam, Caffarella andShow MoreRelatedReflective Assessment On Learning Theory Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Assessment Paper on Learning Theory Week 1 Assignment Brittany Lavender Arkansas State University Theories of Instruction â€Æ' Reflective Assessment on Learning Theory Learning Theory It is the duty of the educator to prepare students to live lives of quality and purpose. Intellectually, a life of quality involves being reasonable, adept, and thoughtful, and enables people to be good citizens of their community. 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I, Robot vs. Frankenstein - 1460 Words

In the 19th century Mary Shelley introduced us her first and unique novel Frankenstein. Almost 200 years later director Alex Proyas released his new blockbuster I, Robot based on the homonymous short story by Isaac Asimov. Both stories tell the viewer a fiction about creatures produced by human beings. These creatures feel itself as a stranger in the society and misunderstood. But even if the stories have the same beginning they are presented in a different way. So the question is: Is the movie I, robot the Frankenstein of the 21st century? The future world of I, Robot is introduced to the audience through the eyes of Detective Del Spooner (Will Smith). Before he experienced a tragedy, he used to be a normal person, but now he seems to be†¦show more content†¦Few days later Frankensteins younger brother is found dead. Frankenstein knows right away that properly the monster has murder his brother. So he goes to look for him. When he finds him, he noticed that the monster is now able to talk. The creature tells him that he learned to talk when he watched one family, but when he comes closer to the family and want to be their friend they chase him away. And so does everybody. He feels so lonesome and alone, that he wants Frankenstein to create a girlfriend for him so he is no lonely anymore. As a result he may have then somebody to talk to. In return the monster would turn his back to the human race. Consequently Frankenstein creates a female mate for the monster, but when he is almost through the work he is sudde nly overwhelmed with fear that the monster and his mate will spawn more monsters and destroy the human race. So he destroys the female. Thereupon the creature murders Frankensteins fiancà ©e. So it is seen that Frankensteins experience with science and technology to satisfy his curiosity if it would be possible to animate a dead person scared him. This unites Dr. Lanning and Frankenstein in some way, because he also wanted to satisfy his curiosity. But there is also a big difference, Lanning wanted to invent something for humanity, to help them, to fulfill their needs. In contrast Frankenstein just seems to be curious about figuring out whether it would be possible to animate a deadShow MoreRelated Comparing Science and Religion in Frankenstein, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Metropolis2033 Words   |  9 PagesThe Struggle Between Science and Religion in Frankenstein, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Metropolis From Frankenstein to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to Metropolis, the mad scientist is one of the modern worlds most instantly recognizable and entertaining cultural icons. Popular cultures fascination with demented doctors, crazed clinicians, and technologically fanatical fiends have dominated the major motifs of popular literature and film for most of the 20th century and this fascination willRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein 1023 Words   |  5 PagesLiilen Pereira Bloede 11/2/16 Mr. Beadle Frankenstein The fabulous author Mary Shelley finished writing the book Frankenstein in May 1817 and officially published it in January of 1818. This book is science fiction. Some say it’s fiction because the monster is a robot-like human that someone created, but others say it’s non fiction because of the idea that the monster was made from artificial life or a re-animated dead body that someone created. Because this book was written in the 1800’s, it wasRead MoreVillains in Hollywood Films Essay2476 Words   |  10 Pagesvillainous characters spreading their wings onto the big screen, making the darker side more appealing for audiences. 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Epic Poetry And Beowulf Essay Thesis Example For Students

Epic Poetry And Beowulf Essay Thesis Though similar there are any differences between the two, where the most recent movie makes the poem easier for us to understand today the written poem is considerably hard to understand and follow, this is because of the difference of the time in which it was written and the extensive language changes that has occurred since. The beginning of the movie starts with the loud and Joyous party in Horror Hall that depicts everyone as drunk, loud, and gorging on food which ends with the monster Greened killing a massive amount of the people in attendance (Beowulf). The pick poem begins with a prelude to Beowulf, his birth, and birth rite and was written somewhere between c. 700 and 1025 and no one knows who the author may be (Anonymous). When this poem was written it was most likely a play as well. During the early times these stories was written to either play out or to be read to an audience. It would have been considered the same as what is known today as theater. To begin with some of the differences the poem states that Beowulf returns home to Seats In Greenland to become king of his uncles kingdom, but In the movie it orators that he stayed in Danes a kingdom in Denmark to rule over Hoarders kingdom due to Hoarders suicide (Beowulf Anonymous). In the poem Beowulf kills Grenades mother and moves on, but in the movie they mated and produced a dragon male off spring (Beowulf Anonymous). The mating and the producing of a male offspring was a way to make It Interesting and to Increase the amount of tickets sold. The original version may not have drawn In the movie goers as would adding sex. Beowulf funeral was another difference that was spotted. The movie did not how that his death as a result of the correct battle. The movie shows that Beowulf dies after fighting the male offspring dragon that was created by his indiscretion with Grenades mother (Beowulf). The poem states that his death occurs after the battle with Grenades mother, which he sustained fatal wounds (Anonymous). After death in both versions It did show he was cremated, which was very popular In those days (Beowulf Anonymous). The poem does talk of drink and merriment, but the movie portrayed Warthogs as a womankind drunk (Beowulf Anonymous). There were several ways that the movie and the poem were similar also. The clothes that the movie suggests was worn by the animated characters are relatable to what would have been worn in the time the poem was written. The poem and movie The arrogance of Beowulf was present in both the poem and movie for Beowulf it was all about the glory in both the written version and the upstaged movie (Beowulf Anonymous). The way that Beowulf killed the monster Greened was the same in each version; hence the lack of protective armor and no weapon during the fight (Beowulf Anonymous). Even with all the similarities the differences do however stand out, such as how the movie makes it easier for people today to understand the poem that is relatively hard to follow. The story line was the same even though the movie changed not only the order of events that led to Beowulf death, which after viewing the movie it was evident in the search for it that there are sequels to Beowulf (Beowulf). The wording of the poem takes you back to the time in which it was written as to where the movie gives a more up to date version of the 1500 year old manuscript.

Breakdown Of Rome Essays - First Triumvirate, Julius Caesar

Breakdown Of Rome Essay on the breakdown of the early Ancient roman republic. For men who had easily endured hardship, danger and difficult uncertainty, leisure and riches, though in some ways desirable, proved burdensome and a source of grief. Sallust The causes for the breakdown of the early Roman Republic cannot be attributed to a single event, trend or individual, rather it was due to a combination of all three in varying degrees. The principal and fundamental cause was the breakdown of the political checks and balances, particularly the Cursus Honorum from 133 BC onwards. This subversion occurred both accidentally and through the subversive behavior of individuals, unconsciously and consciously undermining the fabric of the republic in their quest for power and glory. One substantial outcome of this incapacitation was the emergence of violence as a political means. Once this had occurred the end of the old republic was heralded an autocratic dictatorship was born. The republic was born out of a collapsed monarchy and was specifically geared to prevent a centralization of power. The mechanisms to this end were contained in the Cursus Honorum, a document that outlined the ladder of offices. It demanded, among other things, 10 years of military or legal service before any magistracy could be held, annual election and two years between consecutive offices (Plutarch, 1974. p.140). This system was designed to ensure that no individual could become too powerful by dividing jurisdiction between several groups and allowing for veto. The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius are often blamed for causing divisions and antagonizing the aristocracy and particularly the senate by introducing laws and legislation that, although promoting egalitarianism for the poor, were catalysts to later breaches of the Cursus Honorum. Both Tiberius and Gaius had laws enacted without consulting the senate. This weakened the senate's power and started a trend of ignoring the senate that remained until the breakdown (Plutarch, 1986. p 176). These Graccian reforms included the implementation of a welfare system whereby Romans citizens would be given free corn and the Lex Agraria or land reforms that broke down the latafundia and increased the number of small-scale farms. The welfare corn system not only aroused violent anger from the nobility but also created an urban mob (Suetonius, 1979. p.42) that relied on handouts and later participated in violence. Tiberius Gracchus ran for election to the tribunate for two years consecutively (12 3 and 122 BC). This was in direct contradiction to the Cursus honorum. The senate, when they heard of Tiberius' plan, killed him. This action was significant, due to it being the first time that violence had been used for a political end, it was not to be the last. Marius and Sulla, great leaders of Rome from 119 to 78 BC, can be attributed part of the blame for the breakdown of the republic. Their constant quarreling led to factional fighting amongst the people and eventually to civil war. Marius came into power before Sulla and, like the Gracchi, showed a tendency towards disturbing the status quo and antagonized the nobility. Marius' reforms centered on military change, the most controversial of which was the extension of military service for the landless class. This seemingly insignificant reform had wide repercussions since it created semi-professional soldiers rather than a citizen militia (Bradley, 1990. p 270). Since no pension scheme was organized, the soldiers were largely dependent on their commanders for payment and pensions of land. This dependence led to the soldiers being tied to their commanders, allowing for the later development of armies that were loyal to individuals rather than to the state. Marius' contempt for the Cursus Honorum is illustrated by his standing in the consular elections while not in Rome, a post that he gained and held for six years. This action was in direct contradiction to the rule of one-year consulships in the Cursus Honorum and allowed Marius to establish a power base that he used for his own political designs. Both Marius and Sulla used violence openly as a political means. The first such incident was during the tribunal election where Marius killed Nonnius, a political opponent to his friend Saturnius. This was not the only example of violence from Marius. When returned from exile,

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay In our daily life we very often employ the method of compare and contrast as to take some decision over a controversial subject. Basically, to compare and to contrast are two different ways of treating a subject, but still they seem interdependent and correlated to each other. For, every time we compare two or more entities, we conceive them as different from each other (otherwise, they would be one and the same thing). Therefore, these two methods are usually used together, particularly while writing an essay which is focused on two or more subjects. Practical use If you were assigned to write a compare and contrast essay, your instructor probably wants to test some of your skills, such as analytical reasoning, watchfulness, ability to infer from pure sense-data, and others. This essay may concern every possible field of human activity- literature, political sciences, sport, biology, etc. Remember that it is not that difficult to write: you have to apply some skills which you (unconsciously) use in your daily life. Instructions for writing a compare and contrast essay There are several steps which you can follow while writing your compare and contrast essay. 1. Choose two things which are evidently related to each other. You cannot compare a car with a mountain, for example. It is always better to compare two things of the same kind. When you have more than two things in mind, you must discover more connections between them, which ensues in a chaotic description of subjects and relationships (you must compare thing A with thing B, then thing A with thing C, and then thing B with thing C). Another advice is to focus your essay on material objects, or at least things which are easy to be defined (if you compare Newton’s physics with Quantum theory in general, you will probably get nowhere). 2. This essay is divided into two main parts: compare (find similarities) and contrast (find differences). We advise you to choose three similarities and three differences, as it will help you to organize your paper in a better way. Think more about the entities compared: how people use them, what is their function, what are their advantages and disadvantages. 3. Set forth your thesis. As every other type of essay, this one should be based on a well-proven thesis statement. The easiest way to construct is to write down your personal opinion: which one of these things you prefer, or like, or use, and why. Then list three similarities and three differences. At the end of the essay re-state your thesis in brief, trying to convince your reader. At the same time, the thesis statement must be justified, and have aesthetical structure, so the text should flow and catch the reader’s attention. If you merely describe both things, you will not tell the reader anything new. And every essay should give some new information to the reader, or at least formulate it in another way. 4. Proofread your paper and check for logical inconsistencies. Before handing it to your teacher, ask a friend or forum users to give feedback. It does not mean to ask someone else to write it instead of you. You must simply distance yourself from your essay in order to analyze its structure and internal logic. The compare and contrast essay is one of the easiest types of essays, but any underestimation of your assignment may have negative consequences: to write in a chaotic way, or merely to describe the objects of your writing. This essay should present and defend your personal opinion through relevant facts and information.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 393

Assignment Example To stop such unfair actions and from threatening of employee, a committee of neutral people could have been formed. The role of this committee would be to identify any unfair practices used by anyone to intimidate or threaten anyone. Moreover, employees should also have been asked to report any such unfair practice or intimidation they or their family members have received to this committee and then the committee would have the authority to punish such people. Yes, the racial nature of the rhetoric puts an extra pressure or burden on the union than a normal rhetoric about an employer. When the racism, ethnicity, religion and cultural aspects are involved then it influences people more than the normal situation (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2009). Thus, in this situation, with the involvement of racism, not only the patriotism towards the country or racism has ignited, but it has also encouraged employees that have not been satisfied to show their frustration. Thus, by combining the ethnic or racism, an extra burden has been

Do you agree with Fredrik Barth that to understand the continuity and Essay

Do you agree with Fredrik Barth that to understand the continuity and constitution of ethnic groups we should focus on interaction at the boundary - Essay Example Beliefs of one ethnic group vary from another group and each group strives to preserve its culture. The members of various ethnic groups separate themselves from other groups in the world by raising boundaries around themselves. These boundaries ensure that the cultural and religious beliefs of an ethnic group stay with their group. The book Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference by Fredrik Barth focuses on the ethnic groups and the boundaries which these groups raise around themselves, in order to exclude the outsiders from assimilating in their culture. Fredrik Barth maintains that the association of the cultural differences is an essential feature of ethnic groups. In this paper, we will discuss the significance of interaction at the boundary while studying the continuity and constitution of ethnic groups. I agree with Barth’s claim that to understand the continuity and constitution of ethnic group it is necessary to focus on interaction at the boundary, for these are the boundaries which avert the outsiders from influencing the religious beliefs, cultural values and behavioral traits of an ethnic group. In his book Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Fredrik Bath discuses ethnic groups and their various features, beliefs and cultural identities. Ethnic groups are defined differently by various historians, anthropologists and scholars. The term â€Å"ethnicity† had been interpreted in numerous ways. Some think that ethnicity refers to a set of religious beliefs that are followed by a group of people while others think that common behavioral traits and language is the essential aspect of an ethical group. Although it is an accepted fact that an ethnic group consists of people who share a common heritage and culture, there are differences among historians and scholars regarding the characteristics of an ethnic group. â€Å"Attempts to find an objective set of criteria which might

The consequences of government imposing a price above or below the free market equilibrium Essay Example for Free

The consequences of government imposing a price above or below the free market equilibrium Essay 1. Use a diagram to show the consequences of government imposing a price above or below the free market equilibrium. (10) When government imposes the free market and prohibits a price from going above a certain level, we call it price ceiling. If the price ceiling is below the equilibrium price, then shortages are created. The intention of price ceiling is to protect consumers from rapid price increases. However, this intention comes with consequences that are unintended. An example of price ceiling is the gasoline shortages in the 1970s. The diagram below will show the consequences of price ceiling: In the first stage (before government imposing), the equilibrium price of oil per gallons is $1.20. This is where the number of demand equals to the quantity of product sold. The graph of demand and supply when government imposes the price below the free market equilibrium is shown below: We can see form the graph that the supply contracts from point A, the equilibrium, to point B, which represents the quantity of gallons if the price of oil was to be changed to $1. When supply contracts, it means that the quantity of oil that is supplied becomes less. Because of the shortage of oil, the demand will extend. The lack of supply of oil and the excess demand, scarcity will occur. Even though scarcity of oil existed before, shortages did not happen before the government imposed. Another outcome of price ceiling is the illegal economic activities that may occur. Because the maximum price that the government pointed is less than the equilibrium price, producers would feel that they could earn more money. With the shortage and the excess demand of oil, producers would then sell the products at a higher price illegally, and they would succeed in doing so because consumers would still need the oil that is so scarce in the market. Because illegal economic activities would occur, the government would then need to hire inspectors. These inspectors would have to supervise the oil market. Hiring inspectors would cost the government more money; therefore the government spending will increase. However, the producers of oil that are investigated would still find a way around the rules and regulations from the inspectors. For example, the producers would lie about their income as they have sold their product in the black market to make more money. This would lead to tax evasion as well, because they would understate their own income. 2. Evaluate the impact of either rent controls or a minimum wage. (15) Rent control is an example of price ceiling. This is a law that prohibits landlords to raise the price of rent to go above the price that they have determined. This law is determined by state or country legislatures. In Mumbai, the rent control act started in 1947, with the intentions of making houses affordable to more people. In rent control, the government imposes the price below the free market equilibrium, making the price lower than what it is supposed to be. Although the government intended well, the act proved that instead of benefitting the whole country, it mostly only benefit some of the poor and the people who already rented a place before the rent control. In the short run, rent control helped many people in obtaining places to live. This mostly helped the poor people who could not afford rents before. However, the effects of rent control have not fully happened in the short run. The number of people who look for housing may not be as high as it takes time to arrange housing. As market conditions change, it also takes a long time until the landlords could adjust the number of apartments they rent. As a result, rent control in the short run had quite a positive impact. However, as time passes, the disadvantages of rent control outweighed the advantages. Even though the intentions of rent control were to protect the rights of the poor, rent control did the exact opposite. As rent control continues in Mumbai, the landlords started to discontinue their rent because they are getting less money for their rents than the years before. Because the price of rents was below equilibrium price, landlords felt that they could earn much more with their rents. With the decreasing supply of rents in Mumbai, the number of demand increases. However, these demands could not be fulfilled with contracting supplies. As supply contracts and demand extends, the rent control act creates a shortage of rents. This would lead to homelessness, as people cannot find homes to live in. Although the rent control act denied access to the migrants, it protected the people that are already housed in Mumbai. Because of their safety in the rent, the people that are housed would refuse to leave, and it would cause immobility, meaning that companies outside would not be able to hire someone from Mumbai, even though they are very capable for the job. There are also cases in which people give their houses to their children, their children give it to their children, and so on. This again, decreases the supply of rents. As time passes and the landlord wants to renew the houses, those people who have stayed in the houses would be paid to leave, thus becoming millionaires when they only had to pay $20 each month. The lack of supply of rents is also seen as the biggest reason for slums in Mumbai. As the number of rents occupied increase and the number of the rents available decrease, more people would not have a place to live, resulting to the slums in Mumbai. Not only does rent control affect the tenants, it also effects what the landlords do. Because the price of rents fall, the landlords would not earn as much money as they did before, when it has potential to earn much more money. As a result, the landlords would decrease the quality of the houses. They could also charge the tenants for things that are supposed to be included in the rent expense, such as TV. In conclusion, rent control acts, particularly in Mumbai had more disadvantages than advantages. Even though it protects the rights of the poor by decreasing the price below the equilibrium, rent control only lead to a shortage of rent. The shortages would then cause slums to increase, as the demand extends but could not be fulfilled. ________________ References: Houterman, Robin. The Global Urbanist. Indias New Model Residential Tenancy Act: A one-size Solution That Hardly fits All N.p., 05 June 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http://globalurbanist.com/2012/06/05/india-model-residential-tenancy-act. Lessons From Elsewhere: Mumbai Rent Control. Cairobserver.com. N.p., 09 July 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http://cairobserver.com/post/26830679617/lessons-from-elsewhere-mumbai-rent-control. Lewis, Clara. Proposed Rental Law Gets Brickbats. The Times Of India. N.p., 1 June 2011. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-01/mumbai/29608341_1_landlords-maharashtra-rent-control-act-tenant-associations. Mahajan, Sulakshana. The Rent Control Act. Http://sdmahajan.tripod.com/. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http://sdmahajan.tripod.com/slumming_mumbai.pdf. Principles of Economics. Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=nZE_wPg4Wi0C. Thakur, Pooja. Mumbais Boom Turns Renters Into Millionaires.Www.businessweek.com. N.p., 05 July 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-07-05/mumbais-boom-turns-renters-into-millionaires. Tree of Knowledge. The Madness of Mumbai. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. http://tokblog.org/?p=309.

last words of Christ Essay -- essays research papers

JESUS LAST WORDS ON THE CROSS The seven last words of Jesus on the cross demonstrate both his humanity and his divinity, and capture the last moment Jesus went through to gain our forgiveness. 1. Father forgive them, for they know not what they do: (Luke 23:34) Forgiveness for those who arrested condemned and executed Jesus†¦but also forgiveness those who drove the nails into the hands of Jesus, and those who mocked him. It is amazing to see the boundless mercy of Jesus. The first words He utters when he goes onto the Cross are words of forgiveness. This echoes what Jesus feels today when he looks down upon us and says the same words of forgiveness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parallel verse: Matt 5:44 Love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you and pray for those who spitefully use you and persecute you-- Jesus is putting in practice his own teachings! 2. Today, you will be with Me in Paradise: (Luke 23:43) There were two thieves crucified on either side of Jesus, both gasping for life, and in horrible pain. The thief on the right had been watching Jesus; he knew this man was innocent. He just heard Jesus asking God to forgive the people—the thief hears about forgiveness straight from Jesus. So the thief says this man is innocent. He defends Jesus, while no one else does! He knows he’s close to death†¦so he asks Jesus remember me when you come to your kingdom†¦he turns to Jesus for forgiveness, and Christ accepted him—today you will be wi...

An analysis of the Heart of Darkness and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Essay

The â€Å"Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad and â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† by Lewis Carroll tell a journey into a world which is a conflicting reflection of the protagonist’s â€Å"real† world. As the protagonists travel to new places, they are both presented with clashing views on prevailing themes in their lives. In the case of Marlow in the Heart of Darkness, he is faced with opposing ideas on the most vital components in imperialism – trade and slavery. As for Alice in Wonderland, the young girl is confronted with the challenge to accept the conflicting basis of maturity following both rational and irrational complexities in the society. In both of the novels, the relationship between the two worlds were portrayed as the struggles which people had to face in order to formulate their own personal ideologies based on their varying views presented by the society. Moreover, alienation (or the fact that each of the protagonists had to handle their struggles alone) was promoted as a necessary step towards the full appreciation of one’s social construction of reality. Clashing views on imperialism: Moral Responsibility vs. Pure Suppression In the Heart of Darkness, contrasting views of imperialism and slavery are challenged. Marlow, the protagonist of the story, comes from a world where the enslavement of the Africans is considered as essential and customary pieces of the colonial enterprise. The men who were working for the Company – upon which Marlow is also a part of – treats the blacks in an perverse, cruel, and often viciously violent manner. However, this harsh treatment is seemingly justifiable as Marlow’s world regards the slaves as uncivilized. Thus, the process of slavery is not seen as it is. Rather, it is often deemed as a vital part of the benevolent project of â€Å"civilizing† the natives. As such, prior to his journey upriver to see the fabled Kurtz, Marlow maintains his role of masking the slavery and violence by the socially accepted idea that the subjugation is based on legitimate backgrounds of moral responsibility. As Marlow meets Kurtz however, Marlow’s idea of the glamour of conquest and imperialism evolves into a struggle of morals. As he survives the river, meets the natives, and finally encounters the man that is reputed to be honorable and upright, his moral beliefs shatter. Technically, he is not faced with a world that’s entirely different from where he came from. Instead, what Marlow encounters is a setting where there is a whole new definition of conquest and trade – the main activities upon which he was engaged in. Basically, Kurtz was not the man Marlow and other people envisioned him to be. In conflict with the prevailing social definition of conquest for the Company, Kurtz saw the truth in imperialism. The presumed praiseworthy man was in fact a tyrant among the natives. He realized the fact that he was not trading but rather forcing the natives to find ivory for him. Moreover, Kurtz was open to the idea that he was – in no positive way – civilizing the natives. Rather, he was suppressing them, controlling them through intimidation and extreme brutality, and using them to his advantage, and the Company’s benefit. As a result, Marlow’s encounter with Kurtz only served as a perplexing experience where he had to question what the real purpose was behind acts of conquest and slavery: Are his actions just a tool for injustice and intimidation? Is there really no justifiable cause for intimidating the natives? To a certain degree, Marlow’s experience with the â€Å"other† world puts him in a crisis of whether he should continue believing that his world’s obviously unjust practices had a good and tolerable cause or not. Growing up: Tolerating the illogical and irrational In the story Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, conflicting views of maturity and growing up is presented. On one hand, the real world equates maturity as the state where logic and rationality is used in reasoning, interpreting, and in maintaining harmony in the society. In contrast however, the young Alice equates adulthood as to what she sees in Wonderland – a place where silly and illogical regulations are created on the basis of egoistic goals and ambitions, propelled by bad habits and wrong ideals that people willingly developed throughout the course of history. In Wonderland, Alice faces a new world – one wherein the ways of reasoning are every much in contrast of hers. To a certain sense, her new world is similar to the â€Å"real† world of adults because both are comprised of rules which are, most of the time, very confusing. A typical example is the character of the Duchess who always tries to find a moral in almost every thing that is happening around her. In the real world, adults are akin to the Duchess as they always try to live by the social norms which they created from their own interpretation of their society. Another complex idea is the tolerance of the senseless orders of beheading given by the Queen of Hearts. Such scenario can be equated to the devastating wars often prompted by political leaders who are supposed to propagate world peace and progress. Also in Wonderland, trials seem to be very irrational and unjust; in the same way, justice is as confusing in the real world where fairness and integrity are supposedly practiced and promoted. As Alice struggles to understand the complexity of what is happening in Wonderland, she challenges her own idea of what is rational and supposedly mature. Confronted with what’s hypothetically mature, Alice gradually evolves into a mature person who is able to formulate reasonable and valid interpretations of history and her present experiences. While Alice is confronted with odd events and curious beings in Wonderland, she tries to formulate reasons based on her social interactions with the creature and adjusts to the demands of the magical world. Through the interpretations that Alice forms from wonderland, she fulfills what is expected from a mature individual – the ability to tolerate the complexities of life. As she forms a basis of reasoning and logic, she then forms her own subjective norms which are, to a certain extent, still confined within the prevalent ideas in Wonderland. These norms allow her to define her identity and at the same time, give her the chance to adjust and adapt to the situations that she faces in a place where â€Å"everyone is mad†. Through her adventures, Alice ultimately grows up and matures. CONCLUSIONS Two worlds as struggles towards the formulation personal ideals In both of the novels, two opposing worlds were used as bases that will allow the main character to formulate his/her own personal ideologies and interpretations of prevailing themes in their lives. In the case of Marlow, the clash between the two worlds – or rather their definitions – gave him a chance to weigh his morals not merely on the more popular and conforming idea that African enslavement was natural and acceptable. Through his confrontation with Kurtz, he became enlightened. The experience somehow liberated him from his blind adherence to the society and showed him the real circumstances of his actions and that of his society. As for Alice, the conflict between the real world and Wonderland also gave her the chance to construct an understanding of maturity. From a child’s point of view of adulthood as something incoherent, illogical, egoistic, and irrational, Alice was able to realize that such complexities were part of real life and that tolerance to what is seemingly unreasonable must be achieved in order to be capable of surviving and adjusting to the different scenarios of living. As such, it can be noted that the incompatible relationships between the two worlds in each of the novels were presented as personal struggles towards the achievement of personal ideals formulated from varying views and interpretations that were present in the society. Alienation, an essential process for the social construction of reality It can be noted that both protagonists in the stories had to face alienation in the new worlds that they had to take part of. The fact that each of the protagonists had to handle their struggles â€Å"alone† promoted the theme of personal conflict in the novels. Furthermore, this alienation heightened the level of conflict which existed in the clashing relationship between the two worlds that the characters had to take part of. In the case of Alice, she had to face different situations with different characters and different modes of reasoning all on her. Through this loneliness, she was able to fully grasp the idea that maturity is complex and that life itself was full of complexities and â€Å"madness†. This realization led her to construct her own set of interpretations, definitions, and realities which paved her way towards maturity. Marlow, on the other hand, became alienated as he became exposed to a world where slavery among Africans was regarded as what it really is – a mere act of cruelty for the benefit of the White people. He was alienated in the sense that he formerly had a different – more consoling view of the â€Å"trade† that he was participating in. However, through this alienation, Marlow then achieved a more careful analysis of his society’s actions. By being exposed to the new world all on his own, he was given the chance to liberate himself from the beliefs that he was encompassed within. In general, both of the characters endured alienation as an essential component which emphasized the conflicting relation of the worlds that they were exposed to. This alienation prompted them to think beyond what they were used to and such allowed them to construct their social reality based on conventional and unconventional truths. References: Caroll, Lewis (n. d. ) Alice in Wonderland. Retrieved from Bedtime Story Classics (Accessed 06 Apr 2009 from http://www. the-office. com/bedtime-story/classics-alice-1. htm) Conrad, Joseph (n. d. ) Heart of Darkness. Retrieved from Project Gutenberg Website (Accessed 06 Apr 2009 from http://www. gutenberg. org/etext/526) Maatta, Jerry (1997) An Analysis of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. (Accessed 06 Apr 2009 from http://www. alice-in-wonderland. net/explain/alice841. html) __________ (n. d. ) Themes and Motives in Alice in Wonderland. (Accessed 06 Apr 2009 from http://www. alice-in-wonderland. net/school/themes. html) __________ (n. d. ) eNotes on Heart of Darkness – Themes. (Accessed 06 Apr 2009 from http://www. enotes. com/darkness/themes)

Why Investors Invest In Hedge Funds - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3504 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract Hedge funds have gained a lot of popularity in the last decade and are one of the fastest growing industries. The main aim of most hedge funds is to reduce volatility and risk. It also attempts to preserve capital and deliver positive returns under all market conditions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Investors Invest In Hedge Funds" essay for you Create order Not all hedge funds are same therefore it is important to know the difference between them. It differs in terms of its risks,  investment returns and volatility among the different hedge fund strategies. The strategies which are correlated to equity markets deliver consistent returns and have low risk while the ones that are not will be more volatile. Main objective of hedge funds is to provide consistency in its returns for investor, lower portfolio volatility and preserve their capital investments, which is the reason why investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, institutional investors and high net worth individuals and families invest in hedge funds. This thesis reviews various issues relating to the investment in hedge funds, which have become popular with high net-worth individuals and institutional investors, as well as discuss their empirical risk and return profiles. The concerns regarding the empirical measurements are highlighted, and meaningful analy tical methods are proposed to provide greater risk transparency in performance reporting. It also discusses the development of the hedge fund industry in Asia. Asian hedge funds have grown vastly in past few years. It is said to have grown nearly six times as many funds while managing ten times are much in assets since 2000 according to Eurekahedge. The industry is estimated to consist over 1100 funds, and managing roughly $175 billion in assets. International managers are starting up their own Asia-focused funds too. Allocators are increasingly eyeing investment opportunities in Asia. Funds with a global mandate are increasing their allocation to Asia. The paper presents an overview of hedge funds, describing their development and characteristics. It also discussed the various issues related to the measurement of hedge fund performance, as well as examined alternative performance measures. This thesis ends with some remarks on the development of the hedge fund industry in Asi a. 1. Introduction There has several definition of hedge funds throughout the history. There isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t one particular sentence that defines what hedge funds really means. However, according to Chicago Board Options Exchange (No Date), hedge funds can be defined as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A conservative strategy used to limit investment loss by effecting a transaction that offsets an existing position.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Alfred Winslow Jones was the first person to create hedge fund structure more than 50 years ago. The fund established had following feature: He created à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hedgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by investing in securities that was said to be undervalued and funded these positions by taking short positions in overvalued securities hence creating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“market-neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? position. He designed an incentive fee compensation arrangement for fund mangers. They were paid a percentage of profit from the clients capital assets; and He so invested his own investment capital in the fund, to make sure that his capital and that of his investors were coordinated and in line so that it is not just an individual investment but a partnership Almost all modern hedge funds have above listed features in them, and are set up as limited partnerships with a lucrative incentive-fee structure. In most hedge funds, managers also have a significant portion of their own capital invested in the partnerships. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hedge fundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has been generalized to describe investment strategies that range from the original à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“market-neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? style of Jones to many other strategies and opportunistic situations, including global/macro investing. There is a large variety of hedge fund investing strategies present today and therefore no standard way to classify hedge funds separately. Many data vendors and fund advisors set up their own major hedge fund styles according to their popularity. Under the classification by Credit Suis se, the categories of hedge funds with 9 differentiated styles and a fund-of-funds category: (a) Event driven funds are the funds that take positions on corporate events when companies are undergoing re-structuring or mergers. For example, fund managers would purchase bank debt or high yield corporate bonds of companies undergoing the re-organization which is often referred to as distressed securities. Another event-driven strategy is merger arbitrage where the funds seize the opportunity to invest just after a takeover has been announced. They purchase the shares of the target companies and then short these shares of the acquiring companies. (b) Global funds are categories of funds that invest in non-US stocks and bonds with no specific strategy reference. This fund has the largest number of hedge funds and it includes funds that specialize on the emerging markets. (c) Global/Macro funds are the funds that rely on macroeconomic analysis and invest in long and short positio n in order to capitalise on major risk factors and unforeseen markets such as currencies, interest rates, stock indices and commodities. (d) Market neutral funds refer to hedge fund strategy that involves utilizing strategies such as long-short equity, stock index arbitrage, convertible bond arbitrage and fixed income arbitrage. Long-short equity funds use the strategy of Jones by taking long positions in selective stocks and going short on other stocks to limit their exposure to the stock market. Stock index arbitrage funds trade on the spread between index futures contracts and the underlying basket of equities. (e)Dedicated Short Bias  funds are strategies that take more short positions than long positions and earn returns by maintaining net short exposure in long and short equities. Detailed individual company research typically forms the core alpha generation driver of dedicated short bias managers, and a focus on companies with weak cash flow generation is common. To affect the short sale, the manager borrows the stock from a counter-party and sells it in the market. Short positions are sometimes implemented by selling forward. Risk management consists of offsetting long positions and stop-loss strategies. (f)Convertible bond arbitrage funds typically capitalize on the embedded option in these bonds by purchasing them and shorting the equities. (g)Fixed income arbitrage is a strategy that bets on the convergence of prices of bonds from the same issuer but with different maturities over time. This is the second largest grouping of hedge funds after the Global category. (h) Short/long fund-, shorts focus on engineering short positions in stocks with or without matching long positions. They play on markets that have raised too fast and on mean reversion strategies. Long funds take long equity positions with leverage. Emerging market funds that do not have short-selling opportunities also fall under this category. (i)Emerging Mark ets  funds invest in currencies, debt instruments, equities and other instruments of countries with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“emergingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or developing markets (typically measured by GDP per capita). Such countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing and developed status. Examples of emerging markets include China, India, Latin America, much of Southeast Asia, parts of Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa. There are a number of sub-sectors, including arbitrage, credit and event driven, fixed income bias, and equity bias. (j) Fund of funds refer to funds that invests in a pool of hedge funds. They specialize in identifying fund managers with good performance and rely on their good industry relationships to gain entry into hedge funds with good track records. Table 1 gives statistics about the various categories of hedge funds and past performance. The global/macro hedge funds provided the best mean return over the period studied, while the event -driven funds had the lowest standard deviation of returns. On a risk adjusted basis which is obtained by dividing the mean return by the standard deviation, the category of fund that ranks highest is the global/macro funds followed closely by event-driven funds. Hedge funds are not required to publicly disclose performance and holdings information unlike the registered insurance companies, which might be construed as solicitation materials. This is the reason why which makes it more difficult for investors to evaluate hedge fund managers. TABLE 1 Jan 2000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Nov 2009 Categories Mean Return (%) Standard Deviation (%) Risk-Adjusted Return Event driven 8.66 5.44 1.60 Global 6.60 6.23 1.06 Global / Macro 12.28 6.07 2.02 Market neutral 2.09 13.48 0.16 Short/Long 5.50 8.88 0.62 Emerging Market 9.23 11.05 0.84 Convertible Arbitrage 6.98 8.34 0.84 Dedicated Short Bias (1.95) 16.40 (0.12) Fixed Income Arbitrage 3.66 6.81 0.54 Source: Credit Suisse/ Tremont hedge index Notes: The mean returns are annually compounded returns over the period 2000 to November 2009, The annualized standard deviations were computed from of the standard deviation of monthly returns for each investment style. Risk-adjusted returns are obtained by dividing the mean return by the standard deviation. In 1990 the entire hedge fund industry was estimated at $20 billion. At the end of 2008, global hedge fund industry was estimated to be worth $1 trillion with 8350 active funds. It ha s gained a lot of popularity in the last decade and is one of the fastest growing industries. While hedge funds are well established in US and Europe, they have also been growing rapidly in Asia. Hedge funds have posted attractive returns. A seven year annualised return of 2.47% posted by Hedge Fund Research (HFR) from 2003 to 2009, higher than the SP 1200 of 1.18%. Hedge funds are seen as natural hedge to control downside risk because they employ investment strategies believed to generate returns that are uncorrelated to traditional asset classes. Hedge funds differ in strategies- a macro fund such as quantum fund generally take a directional view by betting in particular bond market or a currency movement. Other funds specialise in corporate events such as mergers or bankruptcies. They also vary widely in investment strategies and the amount of financial leverage. In the recent financial crisis, hedge funds have been heavily criticised in terms of their strategies and also f or the fact that in 2008, they have had hard time fulfilling their absolute return targets. There have been other criticisms towards hedge fund regarding this particular crisis. Stromqvist (2009) writes that ever since the growth of hedge fund industry there has always been discussions regarding the role of hedge funds in a financial crisis. The main focus of the criticism was on highly leveraged hedge funds and that they may have a large impact on price stability on both currencies and equities. In an article written in The Times, Dillow (2008) observes that even though average return of hedge funds in 2008 has been poor, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“they have not been a serious source of instability in the wider financial systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Regardless of the recent financial crisis, hedge funds still generate a growing number of interests all around the world. Due to their private nature, it is difficult to obtain information about the operations of individual hedge funds and reliable s ummary statistics about the industry as a whole. It is a common belief that investing in hedge funds can have superior returns. Many success stories have emerged in the past and the most popular of which is the George Soros story. In September of 1992, he risked $10 billion on a single  currency  speculation when he shorted the British pound, which gave him an international fame. He was right, and in a single day he successfully generated a profit of $1 billion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ultimately, it was reported that his profit on the transaction almost reached $2 billion. Therefore, he is famously known as the the man who broke the  Bank of England. The greates investor: George Soros, https://www.investopedia.com/university/greatest/georgesoros.asp 16-12-09 As seen in Table 1, the hedge funds as a group can generate positive returns. For example, over the period 1990-1997, all the hedge funds had positive absolute returns. Global/Macro funds obtained mea n returns of 28.1% p.a. with a standard deviation that is comparable to equity funds. Traditional asset allocation makes the most of the use of equities, bonds, real estate and private equity to invest in a portfolio that maximizes returns and minimizes the portfolio risk. Therefore, in an investment portfolio hedge funds can play a vital role in maximising returns. Moreover, in a bear market, many investment and fund mangers find it dull to just beat the market index, which may have negative returns. They generally prefer to go short or avoid long positions to have positive returns. Choosing an appropriate hedge fund to invest increases the possibility of obtaining positive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“absolute returnsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also generally believed that hedge funds have returns that are generally uncorrelated with the traditional asset classes. In fact, hedge funds may even have a lower risk profile. For example, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter (2000) reported that hedge funds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“exhibit a low correlation with traditional asset classes, suggesting that hedge funds should play an important role in strategic asset allocationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The answer to the question à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why invest in Hedge funds?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? simply is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to make money.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The common analogy in all hedge funds strategies and the underlying rationale for investing in hedge funds is the search for absolute returns. This is sometimes called alpha. Alpha is the extra return a skilled manager can produce over and above the market return (or beta). Whereas many conventional fund managers aim simply to outperform their chosen benchmark index, hedge fund managers seek to produce positive gains in all market conditions. https://www.fleetstreetinvest.co.uk/shares/trend-investing/hedge-fund-investing-00128.html Research Question By using quantitative study, I will try to answer the following questions: Why investors invest in hedge funds? To answer this question I will be looking at the return, risk and performance associated with investing in hedge fund and how the fund mangers. By looking at the annualised return, standard deviation and risk adjusted returns of different styles of hedge funds their performance can be measured. What are the issues relating the investment in terms of risk, return and performance measurement? Although hedge funds are popular in terms of an investment vehicle, there are various issues. The issues related are its cost/ management fee structures, collection of data, survivorship bias and selection bias. Various performance measure techniques are available for hedge funds too. I will be looking at some of the performance measurement approaches. Purpose There are several purpose for this paper. First is to give an overview of hedge fund as an investment vehicle with a short description of different characteristics and styles of hedge funds. Second is to describe why hedge funds are attractive for investors and fund managers by presenting different theories where risk and returns of hedge funds are investigated in order to evaluate the performance measures. Third purpose is to investigate the issues related to the investment in hedge funds where several sets of issues are evaluated and various performance measures are identified. LITERATURE REVIEW There is no one particular definition of hedge fund as mentioned earlier. According to the Investment Company Act 1940 of the US, hedge funds were defined by their low degree of regulatory controls. In comparison to mutual funds, hedge funds were seen to have higher level of risk. This led to a 100-investor limit as well as wealth requirement of the investors. Fung and Hsieh (1999) claim that another reason for 100-investor limit is the use of leverage and short selling in hedge funds. The limit restrictions were later abandoned and wealth requirement lowered. Many definitions of hedge funds have been cited-most of them mainly based on its characteristics. Some of them are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Investment companies that by their charter can buy on margin, sell short, hold warrants, convertible securities and commodities and otherwise engage in aggressive trading tactics in order to profit from forcasting market swings.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- Polhman, Ang and Hollinger (1978) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã …“A mutual fund that employs leverage and uses various techniques of hedgingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- Soros (1987) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hedge funds are vehicles that allow private investors to pool assets to be invested by a fund manager. Unlike mutual funds, hedge funds are commonly structured as private partnerships and thus subject to only minimal SEC regulation. Moreover, because hedge funds are only lightly regulated their managers can pursue investment strategies involving, for example, heavy use if derivatives, short sales and leverage.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- Bodie, Kane and Marcus (2008). Murguia and Umemoto (2004) claims that the reason why there is no proper definition of hegdge funds is because they are not classified by the different asset classes but by the type of strategies employed by the fund mangers is what classifies them. Such strategies range from very aggressive to conservative, which is the reason why there is no clear definition. Several studies have been carried out about h edge funds performance and risk issues. Fung and Hsieh (1997a) extend Sharpe (1992) style analysis and conclude that there are more diversified hedge fund strategies and suggested that hedge fund strategies are more dynamic. The literatures also conclude that option-based factors can enhance the power of explaining hedge fund returns. Brown, Goetzmann and Ibbotson (1999) examine the performance of offshore hedge funds and attribute fund performance to style effects rather than managerial skills. Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2003) found, in a study using the TASS database, that fund of hedge funds reduce by a third the standard deviation of monthly hedge fund returns, as well as significantly reduce the value at risk of hedge fund investment. Hence, fund of hedge funds can also provide significant diversification potential. A well-diversified fund of hedge fund manager can therefore take advantage of market-specific risks while maintaining low correlations to stock, bond, and curre ncy markets. As a result of which the fund of hedge fund manager can provide superior returns and generate alpha which reflects managerial skills. More generally, since fund of hedge funds deliver more consistent returns with lower volatility than individual hedge funds, they are considered to be ideal for diversifying traditional portfolios. During 1993à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2001, fund of hedge funds outperformed the SP 500 index on a risk-adjusted basis (Gregoriou, 2003a). Koh, Koh, Lee and Phoon(2004) state that traditional asset allocation optimizes the use of equities, bonds, real estate and private equity to invest in a portfolio that maximizes returns and minimizes the portfolio risk. Thus, hedge funds become vital in enhancing returns in an investment portfolio. Following the growth in hedge fund industry, fund-of-hedge funds (FOF) have become more and more popular. Liang (2003) states that FOF mixes various strategies and asset classes together and creates more stable long -term investment returns than any of the individual funds. It invests in underlying hedge funds and diversifies the fund specific risks and relieves burdens on investor to select and monitor managers, and providing asset allocation in dynamic market environments. Fund-of-funds require less initial investment as compare to hedge funds and therefore are more affordable for small investors. To participate in the investment, small investors may be willing to pay extra fees as it might be the only way for them. Previous studies in this area by Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2002) conclude that combining hedge funds with fund-of-funds not only causes the double counting but also hides the difference in fee structures between hedge funds and fund-of-funds. Liang (2003) state that a hedge funds charges a management fee and incentive fee while a fund-of-funds not only charges these fees at a fund-of-fund level but also passes hedge fund level fees in the form of after fee returns to the fund -of-fund investors whether or not the fund-of-funds make a profit. Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2002) examine this issue and propose an alternative fee which provide a better incentive for fund-of-fund managers and reduce the cost for investors under the current fee structure, which is that the fund-of-fund managers absorb the underlying hedge fund fees and establish their own incentive fees at the fund-of-fund level. Liang (2003) conclude that because of the above issues fund-of-funds need to be separated from hedge funds in academic studies and address the difference in performance, risk and fee structures. However, the FOF mangers can add value to the portfolio through selection, construction and continuous monitoring of the portfolio. They provide professional services and have access to the information that are expensive and difficult to obtain otherwise. The FOF mangers quite often use different investment strategies and styles through a diversified portfolio of individua l fund managers. Considering these advantages for an investor, investing in fund of hedge funds is not cheap. The cost can be as high as the cost of buying a building, according to Koh, Koh, Lee and Phoon (2004). This structure allows for more diversified portfolio and much reduced risk at the fund level which comes at a price. More diversified the portfolio is it is more likely that it will incur more incentive fees. Therefore, there are many persuasive reasons why investing in hedge funds are considered as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“alternative investmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Some uninformed investors may be misled about the risks and returns on hedge funds as it relies heavily on statistical compilation from the database vendors which is filled with data bias such as survivorship bias and selection bias. Fung and Hsieh (2001a) found that estimates of survivorship biases differed across two commonly used databases, HFR and TASS. The survivorship bias was much higher in TASS than that in HFR. They estimated that survivorship bias would over-report hedge fund mean returns by about 1.5% to 3% per annum. Brooks and Kat (2001) stated that around 30% of newly established funds do not survive the first three years, primarily due to poor performance. Thus, not including defunct funds is likely to lead to over-estimation of the returns and profile of hedge fund industry.